Germany

Poland

Spain

• No rules
• Draft lobbying on the verge of being adopted in previous legislature including register, broad definition, code of conduct and publication of lobby interctions. It is unclear how the new government will proceeed. Note that some regional authorities have adopted advanced regulations on lobbying. These could serve as a model for any future national legislation.
• No register.

Recommendation

Italy

Mandatory

1. Austria
2. Cyprus
3. Finland
4. France
5. Germany
6. Greece
7. Ireland
8. Poland

Partially Mandatory

1. EU
2. Italy
3. Lithuania
4. Luxembourg
5. Slovenia

Voluntary

France

Finland

Austria

• Mandatory
• Broad definition of lobbying
• Only 137 lobbyists on the register. Each organization defines their own Code ofb Conduct
• Register of Lobbyists- Scope: Executive Branch
• Register categories: Identification, business registry number, field of activity, lobbying costs and revenues for intermediaries category.
• Limited information available

Recommendation

Information manipulation and disinformation manoeuvres by Russian actors currently serve well identified strategic objectives:  to legitimize Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, to undermine the cohesion of support for Ukraine, and to destabilize the societies of liberal democracies.

These actions target Ukraine first and foremost, but also Western public opinion and leaders as well as public opinions in third countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Russia has also recently stepped up its disinformation action in other regions, such as Latin America.